How to Disinherit a Spouse in South Carolina Through Elective Share Waiver (Or: Pillow Talk Is Not Enforceable)
A lady came to our offices for help with her estate plan which included setting up a new trust to hold her assets. She planned to leave everything to her kids and nothing to her husband, which she said her husband had agreed to. He never signed anything on paper to that effect, but she insisted that he was okay with the arrangement.
Literally the following week, she died. Her husband then filed for elective share, which is the portion of a deceased person’s estate that a surviving spouse is entitled to by law. There was nothing barring the husband from receiving a portion of his wife’s estate, despite her wishes.
What could the wife have done differently?
Below we’ll look at elective share and how to disinherit a spouse in South Carolina.
Elective Share in South Carolina
A surviving spouse is entitled to a portion of the deceased spouse’s estate under the law regardless of the terms of the deceased spouse’s will. This portion is called the elective share, or spousal elective share. The portion the surviving spouse can claim varies by state; in South Carolina, it’s one third.
The surviving spouse may claim elective share even if the couple was estranged or in divorce proceedings at the time at the time of death. We previously covered a case on this blog in which a surviving spouse was able to claim elective share after the court granted the couple’s divorce, since the husband happened to die in between the court’s decision and the clerk filing and recording the divorce decree. [Read about that case, Hatchell-Freeman v. Freeman (2000) here.]
What the Surviving Spouse is Entitled To
In South Carolina, the surviving spouse is entitled to one third of the deceased spouse’s estate. This third includes assets that are not subject to probate, such as life insurance proceeds, retirement accounts, property owned jointly with right of survivorship, and assets in revocable trusts. The value of these and other interests due to the surviving spouse count towards the elective share first, along with the value of anything that was renounced or disclaimed. Only then is the balance due taken from the probate estate.
Claiming elective share usually means a surviving spouse will inherit assets that would otherwise have gone to other heirs named in the deceased spouse’s will. Because of this, the surviving spouse has a duty under South Carolina code Section 62-2-205(b) to inform recipients of the probate estate whose interests are adversely affected of the time and date of the hearing set to determine elective share.
Disinheriting a Spouse in South Carolina: A WRITTEN Waiver of Elective Share
The laws regarding elective share ensure that a spouse is not easily disinherited.
But an individual can fully disinherit a spouse in South Carolina. This may happen, for example, in blended families when each spouse wants to leave their assets to their own children and knows that the other spouse is financially secure. Or an individual may wish to disinherit a spouse because of estrangement or separation.
Whatever the reason, it’s important to know that drawing up a will or creating an estate plan that intentionally leaves out the spouse is not enough. The couple must take active steps to disinherit a spouse in South Carolina.
Written Waiver of Elective Share
A spouse may voluntarily agree to give up all or part of their elective share. The spouse who is to be disinherited must agree to waive the right to elective share in writing. Such a waiver is often part of a prenuptial or postnuptial agreement but may be a standalone document.
The spouse waiving their right to elective share in whole or in part must be fully aware of what they are giving up. South Carolina code Section 62-2-204 requires that the disinheriting spouse provide “fair and reasonable” disclosures of their property and financial obligations in writing to the waiving spouse.
Schedule a Free Consultation with Estate Planning Attorney Gem McDowell
For legal help and advice on waiver of elective share, prenuptial or postnuptial agreements, probate, or other estate planning concerns, call Gem McDowell of the Gem McDowell Law Group of Mt. Pleasant and Myrtle Beach. Gem and his team help families in the greater Charleston and Myrtle Beach areas create and review estate plans to help ensure their wishes are carried out.
Gem can also help you understand the consequences and potential downsides of your estate plan. Sometimes estate plans created with the best of intentions can lead to unintended consequences, disputes, and fractured relationships between family members and heirs.
If you have a complicated family situation, a large estate, or you simply want a basic estate plan put in place for your peace of mind, call Gem and his team today at 843-284-1021.
What Happens to Your Estate If You Die During a Divorce in South Carolina? Spousal Elective Share
Imagine this scenario:
Husband and Wife have been married for many years. One day, Wife files for divorce. At a hearing a few months later, the divorce is granted.
Husband dies about a week later.
A few days after that, the final divorce decree is signed by the judge, then filed with the clerk.
The tragic and unlikely timing of Husband’s death brings up some important questions.
- Were Husband and Wife still married when he died because the decree wasn’t yet signed and filed?
- Or were they already divorced because the divorce had been officially granted by the court?
- Would Wife be entitled to part of Husband’s estate as a surviving spouse?
This exact situation happened in South Carolina in the late 90s and ended up before the South Carolina Court of Appeals in the 2000 case Hatchell-Freeman v Freeman. It’s an interesting case to know for anyone contemplating or going through a divorce in South Carolina as it answers the questions above.
Dying Before Divorce Is Finalized: Hatchell-Freeman v. Freeman (2000)
In the Hatchell-Freeman case (read it here), Angela Hatchell-Freeman filed for divorce on June 21, 1996. The divorce was granted at a hearing on September 27, 1996, and ten days later, on October 7, Husband died. The final order granting the divorce was signed on October 10, and the following day the order was filed.
In December, father of the decedent Gilbert Freeman filed a petition to be appointed personal representative of his late son’s estate, which the court granted. He did not list Hatchell-Freeman as an intestate heir or as “a person having a prior or equal right of appointment.”
In January, Hatchell-Freeman filed a notice of election by surviving spouse for her intestate share – aka “elective share,” which is a portion of the decedent’s estate the surviving spouse is entitled to by statute. The probate court ruled that she was entitled to elective share.
She also filed a petition to be appointed personal representative, which would mean removing Gilbert Freeman from the role. The probate court ruled that she had had “adequate” time to file – over three months since her husband’s death – and so denied her petition.
Both parties appealed.
The Circuit Court’s Findings
The circuit court affirmed the probate court’s finding that Hatchell-Freeman was the wife of the decedent at the time of his death and therefore entitled to her elective share.
However, it found that she had a superior right to serve as personal representative. Gilbert Freeman was removed from the role and replaced by Hatchell-Freeman.
Gilbert Freeman then appealed.
The SC Court of Appeals
The appeals court affirmed the circuit court’s findings.
It found that the couple was indeed married at the time of Husband’s death, making Hatchell-Freeman eligible to receive her elective share of the estate. The fact that the divorce had been granted at the final hearing before Husband’s death was irrelevant, as South Carolina Code 62-2-802(c) (1987) is clear: “A divorce or annulment is not final until signed by the court and filed in the office of the clerk of court.”
The court also affirmed the lower court’s decision to replace Gilbert Freeman with Hatchell-Freeman as personal representative. SC Code 62-3-203(a) (1999) lists in order which individual should be given priority for the role of personal representative, and when there is no will naming a personal representative (as in this case, since Husband died intestate), a surviving spouse has priority over other heirs.
Although it may not have been Husband’s intention for the woman he was divorcing to inherit any portion of his estate, that’s what happened. But was there something he could have done to prevent it?
(Technically) Married at Time of Death: Spousal Elective Share in South Carolina
As stated above, a surviving spouse is entitled to spousal elective share, which is a portion of the deceased spouse’s estate. The concept of elective share originates from English common law and is widespread across the US, with different laws governing elective share in different states.
In South Carolina, a surviving spouse may claim one third of the decedent’s probate estate. (“Probate estate” is defined in SC Code Section 62-2-202 as “the decedent’s property passing under the decedent’s will plus the decedent’s property passing by intestacy, reduced by funeral and administration expenses and enforceable claims.”) This is a minimum; the testator or testatrix can of course leave more than one third of their estate to their spouse in their will.
It doesn’t matter whether the decedent had a will or not; whether the couple was separated at the time of decedent’s death, divorce pending; or even whether the decedent had purposely left the surviving spouse out of the will in an attempt to disinherit them. The surviving spouse is legally entitled to their elective share.
In short, if you die before your divorce is signed and filed, your spouse is entitled to claim a portion of your estate under South Carolina law even if that’s not what you want. The only exception is if your spouse has waived their right to elective share, typically via a prenuptial or postnuptial agreement.
Reviewing and Revising Your Estate Plan During or After Life Events – Call Attorney Gem McDowell
If you’ve recently undergone a major life event like divorce, marriage, or birth of a child, you should consider contacting an estate planning attorney to review your last will, powers of attorney, and other estate planning documents. It’s a good opportunity to ensure that your estate plan is in line with your current wishes and life situation.
For help with estate planning, asset protection, and contracts including prenuptial agreements and postnuptial agreements, contact attorney Gem McDowell. He and his team at the Gem McDowell Law Group can help you with your estate planning needs before, during, and after a divorce. Call him at his Mt. Pleasant office at 843-284-1021 today to schedule a free consultation.
To Disclose or Not to Disclose? The Importance of Disclosure in Prenuptial Agreements
What are the three most important things when it comes to real estate? That’s right: Location, location, location.
Likewise, when it comes to prenuptial and postnuptial agreements, the three most important things are disclosure, disclosure, disclosure!
In pre- and postnuptial agreements, the spouses lay out terms for how assets will be divided should the marriage end in divorce. For example, the agreement may state that each spouse will leave the marriage with the same assets they entered with and anything acquired by the pair during the course of the marriage will be divided equitably, but assets can be retained or divided in any manner as long as both parties agree. Each party must disclose their assets – what they are and what they are valued at – so that the other party has full knowledge of what they are potentially waiving their rights to. They must also disclose their debts. They need to disclose what they own, if it’s of value.
Disclosure is a fundamental concept when it comes to pre- and postnuptial agreements. Yet a case that went before the South Carolina Court of Appeals calls into question the absolute necessity for full disclosure. Frankly, we do not agree with the court’s decision, but it has been upheld so we decided to look at this important case today.
Hudson v Hudson Background
This case (read it here) was heard in the SC Court of Appeals in early 2014. H. Eugene Hudson (Husband) and Mary Lee Hudson (Wife) began dating in the mid-90s and became engaged in 1999. On February 4, 2000, they entered into a prenuptial agreement (Agreement) and married a couple weeks later, on February 19, 2000. They separated in October 2018 and Husband subsequently filed for divorce.
There are a number of interesting things about this case. For one, Wife testified Husband insisted she consult a particular attorney – who was allegedly a close friend of his – and was not free to choose her own attorney. Also, the Agreement was presented to her just two weeks and a day before the wedding date when wedding preparations were in full swing and after she had already sold her car and quit her job in anticipation of getting married.
But the pertinent issue here is that Husband did not disclose everything he had an interest in. He did include his own business, Myrtle Beach Lifeguards, Inc., in the Agreement, but did not include a flea market that his family owned or a franchise fee agreement.
In family court, Husband said he didn’t include the flea market because his mother had a life estate in the flea market and he had just a remainder interest (meaning he would take control of it upon his mother’s death). As for the franchise fee agreement, he said he didn’t include it because he leased it to Myrtle Beach Lifeguards and considered it the company’s asset even though the agreement was in his name.
The family court found that the Agreement was “unconscionable” in the way that it dealt with division of the marital property and ordered that marital earnings of over half a million dollars should be split by Husband and Wife.
What Makes a Prenuptial or Postnuptial Agreement “Unconscionable”?
The case went to the SC Court of Appeals on appeal, where, among several other issues, Wife argued that Husband’s failure to disclose the flea market and the franchise fee agreement rendered the Agreement unconscionable.
In South Carolina, whether or not a prenuptial or postnuptial agreement is unconscionable is one of the tests to determine if such an agreement can be enforced. Citing a 2003 SC Supreme Court Case, Hardee v Hardee (read it here), the Court of Appeals lays out the three prongs to determine enforceability:
- Was agreement obtained through fraud, duress, or mistake, or through misrepresentation or nondisclosure of material facts?
- Is the agreement unconscionable? [emphasis added]
- Have the facts and circumstances changed since the agreement was executed, so as to make its enforcement unfair and unreasonable?
“Unconscionability,” as defined in Hardee, is “the absence of meaningful choice on the part of one party due to one-sided contract provisions together with terms that are so oppressive that no reasonable person would make them and no fair and honest person would accept them.”
The Court of Appeals stated that in this case, Husband’s failure to disclose the assets was “not substantially significant” and “did not affect the unconscionability of the Agreement.” That’s all it had to say on the subject. It reversed the lower court’s decision and therefore reversed the award to Wife.
Disclose, Disclose, Disclose Anyway
Despite the findings of the SC Court of Appeals, which we already stated we don’t agree with, we still think it’s wise to disclose all assets (and debts) when entering into a prenuptial or postnuptial agreement.
For help drafting or reviewing a prenuptial or postnuptial agreement, or other estate planning needs, contact Gem McDowell and his associates at the Gem McDowell Law Group in Mt. Pleasant, SC by calling 843-284-1021. Gem has decades of experience working with individuals and families to ensure their interests are protected so they can have peace of mind. Call today to schedule a free consultation.
